A ganglion cyst is a common, non-cancerous lump that usually forms along the tendons or joints of your wrists or hands, although it can also appear on the ankles or feet. These fluid-filled sacs can be painless or cause discomfort, depending on their size and location. Although ganglion cysts are generally harmless, they can sometimes interfere with movement or put pressure on nearby nerves, leading to pain or other symptoms.
What Is a Ganglion Cyst?
A ganglion cyst is a round or oval mass that contains a jelly-like fluid. It typically arises from the tissue surrounding a joint or tendon, especially in the wrists. The fluid inside a ganglion cyst is similar to the synovial fluid that lubricates your joints. These cysts can vary in size, growing larger with repetitive movement or shrinking when at rest.
Ganglion cysts are the most common type of soft tissue lump in the hand and wrist. They are benign and do not spread, but their location can cause issues depending on how close they are to nerves.
Causes of Ganglion Cysts
The exact cause of ganglion cysts is unknown. However, there are several factors that may contribute to their development:
- Joint or tendon irritation: Excessive movement or overuse of a joint may lead to the formation of a cyst.
- Injury: Sometimes, previous trauma or injury to a joint can trigger a ganglion cyst.
- Osteoarthritis: People with osteoarthritis are more likely to develop ganglion cysts, particularly at the end joints of their fingers.
Symptoms of Ganglion Cysts
Ganglion cysts can range in size, from a pea-sized lump to an inch or more in diameter. The symptoms vary depending on the cyst’s location and size, but common symptoms include:
- Visible lump: The most obvious symptom is a visible lump, usually on the wrist, hand, or foot.
- Pain or discomfort: If the cyst is pressing on a nearby nerve, it can cause pain, tingling, numbness, or weakness.
- Limited range of motion: If the cyst is near a joint, it may restrict movement or cause stiffness.
- Fluctuation in size: Ganglion cysts can change in size and may grow larger with activity and shrink when you’re at rest.
Diagnosis of Ganglion Cysts
A ganglion cyst is typically diagnosed based on a physical examination. Your doctor may press on the lump to check for tenderness and shine a light through it to see if it’s translucent, which is common in fluid-filled cysts.
In some cases, additional imaging tests like X-rays, ultrasounds, or MRIs may be recommended to rule out other conditions, such as arthritis or tumors, and confirm the presence of the cyst.
Treatment Options for Ganglion Cysts
In many cases, ganglion cysts do not require treatment, especially if they cause no discomfort and do not interfere with daily activities. However, if the cyst is painful or affecting joint function, there are several treatment options available:
- Observation: Many ganglion cysts go away on their own without intervention. If the cyst is not causing problems, your doctor may recommend a “watch and wait” approach.
- Aspiration: A common treatment is draining the fluid from the cyst using a needle. This procedure, known as aspiration, can provide relief from pain and discomfort. However, cysts often return after aspiration.
- Immobilization: Since activity can cause the cyst to grow, wearing a brace or splint may reduce the size and relieve symptoms. Reduced movement allows the cyst to shrink on its own.
- Surgery: If non-surgical treatments do not provide relief or if the cyst keeps coming back, surgical removal may be necessary. The surgeon will remove the cyst and its connection to the joint or tendon, reducing the chances of recurrence.
Can Ganglion Cysts Be Prevented?
There is no sure way to prevent ganglion cysts, but minimizing repetitive stress on your joints may help reduce the risk. If you have a ganglion cyst, taking breaks from activities that aggravate it may prevent it from growing larger or returning after treatment.
Conclusion
A ganglion cyst is a benign and often painless lump that can develop around joints and tendons. While they are harmless and may resolve on their own, they can sometimes cause discomfort, pain, or limit mobility. If a ganglion cyst is causing problems, treatment options such as aspiration or surgery are available. If you notice a lump forming around a joint or tendon, it’s best to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management plan.
